Table of Contents and Abstracts

Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) has a BRAF gene mutation (V595E) with a high prevalence rate (67 to 87%). CEP32496 is a novel and highly potent BRAF inhibitor. As described in the literature, the efficacy of BRAF inhibitors, including CEP32496, for UC with V595E is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CEP32496 alone and in combination with other BRAF inhibitors on the cell viability and tumor growth of 5 UC cell lines with V595E. For reference, 7 BRAF inhibitors, including GDC0879, PLX4720, encorafenib, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, AZ628, and RAF265, were also evaluated. The results revealed that CEP32496 had a sensitive half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 16 nM to 150 nM. In addition, the combination of CEP32496 and vemurafenib resulted in lower IC50s than those of individual treatment. The synergism of CEP32496 with vemurafenib may be due to the different mechanisms of cell proliferation between the 2 inhibitors. In the xenograft model, 10 mg/kg body weight of CEP32496 resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in tumor growth in mice, with severe and extensive necrosis on histopathological examination. These results suggested that CEP32496 exerts antitumor effects on both cell proliferation and tumor growth in UC with V595E.

The objective of this study was to determine whether ligation security in a standardized in-vitro vascular model is primarily influenced by tying force or filament configuration when comparing 2 commonly used suture materials: monofilament polydioxanone and pseudomonofilament polyamide. A standardized latex vascular model subjected to controlled intraluminal pressure (150 mmHg) was used. USP 2-0 sutures were applied using a 4-throw surgeon’s knot at 5 predefined tying-force levels (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 N). Three time intervals between the first and second throw (0, 10, and 20 s) were evaluated. A total of 300 ligations were tested. Leakage was defined as a detectable increase in distal pressure during a 30-second observation period. The effects of tying force, time interval, and suture material were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Tying force was significantly associated with leakage (P < 0.001). Leakage was eliminated only at 14 N for both materials, whereas high leakage rates occurred at lower force levels regardless of suture material. Time interval and suture material were not independently associated with leakage. These findings indicate that ligation security in this model is determined primarily by tying force rather than by filament configuration.

This study evaluated the efficacy of various vaccination strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (PRRSV-2) in terms of growth performance and immune responses under field conditions at a commercial swine farm in Korea. A total of 80 pigs was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: VacL (modified live vaccine), VacK (inactivated vaccine), VacLK (modified live vaccine followed by an inactivated vaccine), and UnVac (unvaccinated control).

Assessments included clinical signs, blood PRRSV RNA levels, PRRSV-specific interferon-gamma-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SCs), ELISA S/P ratios, neutralizing antibody titers, and growth performance. The VacLK group showed superior growth performance compared with the other groups. At 84 days post-vaccination, blood PRRSV RNA levels were significantly lower in the VacLK group than in the VacL, VacK, and UnVac groups, whereas PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-SCs and ELISA S/P ratios were highest in the VacLK group. These results indicate that a combined vaccination strategy effectively enhanced cell-mediated immune responses, suppressed viral replication, and improved growth performance under field conditions. This study provides valuable evidence supporting optimized PRRSV vaccination strategies for commercial swine production.

The objective of this prospective alternating crossover study was to compare quality of induction and recovery and cardiopulmonary function in horses administered guaifenesin or diazepam as co-induction drugs. Six healthy horses were anesthetized twice to undergo an MRI and surgical biopsies, with 5 wk between treatments. Horses were sedated intravenously (IV) with xylazine, 0.6 mg/kg BW, and IV induction started 4 min later. Group G received guaifenesin, 100 mg/kg BW, over 2 min and ketamine, 2 mg/kg BW, within 1 to 2 min of starting the guaifenesin. Group D received diazepam, 0.1 mg/kg BW, within 5 s and ketamine, 2 mg/kg BW, 0.5 to 1 min after and the quality of induction assessed. Horses were positioned on an MRI-compatible table, the trachea intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously for the initial 10 min, then connected to a rebreathing circuit and anesthetic machine and mechanically ventilated under anesthesia [end-tidal isoflurane (FE′Isoflurane): 1.3 to 1.5%] during the MRI. Direct arterial blood pressure, heart rate, end-tidal CO2 (PE′CO2) and FE′Isoflurane were recorded at 10, 20, 30, and 40 min post-induction. Requirements for dobutamine and/or phenylephrine for arterial blood pressure support were recorded. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare arterial blood pressure and a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test for comparing sedation, induction, and recovery scores (significance was set at P < 0.05). Arterial pressures were not significantly different between groups; however, systolic (P = 0.004), diastolic (P < 0.0001), and mean (P = 0.004) arterial pressures decreased significantly at 20, 30, and 40 min in Group D. Dose of dobutamine and/or phenylephrine was similar between groups. Sedation, induction, and recovery scores were similar. Induction scores were good to excellent [both groups: 0.5 (0, 2); median (range)]. In conclusion, guaifenesin and diazepam at the doses used in this study produced similar effects on arterial blood pressure and on the quality of induction and recovery.